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To test this idea and to restore the mutant PIN2 protein in the cell, we applied auxin (1-naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA) to inhibit clathrin-dependent PIN endocytosis from the PM [ 33], MG132 to inhibit ubiquitylation/proteasome-mediated PIN internalization and degradation [ 34, 35], and wortmannin to inhibit the vacuolar lytic pathway [ 36].
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To measure the adhesive strength between cells, we applied mechanical stress to a cell monolayer detached with dispase [34].
Since Hoechst33342 shows considerable toxicity towards mouse NS cells, we applied an alternative dye, Vybrant® DyeCycleTM Violet, to analyze cell cycle.
To activate TrkB on the cells, we applied neurotrophins, BDNF, NT3, or NT4, in the culture medium from 0 to 4 DIV.
To inspect whether a myofiber depends on its own satellite cells, we applied a genetic approach combined with mathematical methods in order to reconstruct lineage trees [62].
For mean/variance analysis of single channel current amplitudes from CaV1.2 channels expressed in HEK293 cells, we applied 100 test pulses (5 ms) from −70 to +50 mV.
To identify interaction networks enriched in stem cells, we applied Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for the components containing stemness-on modules (components B and C, Figure 4).
To discard the possibility that these responses correspond to random spontaneous activity of the cells, we applied two successive stimulations separated by 25 s.
Since processing of allochimeric molecules may alter the repertoire of alloreactive T cells, we applied CDR3 spectrotyping of TCR repertoire to analyze the clonal expansion of T cells in allografted hearts of tolerant recipients.
To gain a global view of oncogenic FLT3 signaling in human leukemia cells, we applied PhosphoScan®, an immunoaffinity-MS profiling approach to leukemia cell lines containing activated FLT3 mutations (FLT3-ITD and amplification) [17].
To explore the progression of the BMP4-induced astrocyte differentiation program in wild-type and Dicer-null NS cells, we applied microarray gene expression profiling to study gene expression in the first 24 hours following BMP4 treatment (Fig. 5E H).
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