In adipose cells, it is likely that mycobacteria use lipolytic enzymes to degrade host cell triglycerides and import fatty acids in their cytoplasm.
Inhibitors of mtDNA replication, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the antiretroviral therapy of individuals with AIDS, and inhibitors of mtDNA translation, including ribosomal antibiotics used to fight bacterial infections, were found to decrease cell triglycerides and leptin secretion.
In the C/EBPα-expressing cells, triglyceride was stored at a higher basal level and maintained unchanged after 12-hour starvation but decreased in a time-dependent manner from day 2 to day 7 (Fig. 4B).
Conclusions: Feeding DHA+ARA from single-cell triglycerides enhances weight gain in formula-fed premature infants with no evidence of adverse effects.
Study design: Double-blind, multi-center study of 194 premature infants given preterm formula with no DHA or ARA (control), 0.15% energy DHA, or 0.14% DHA + 0.27% ARA from single-cell triglycerides for at least 28 days and then fed term formula (no DHA or ARA) to 57 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), with 90 breast-fed term infants as reference.
In contrast, the C/EBPα-silenced (sh4 and sh7) and C/EBPα-deficient (HepG2) cells increased triglyceride two-fold despite cell death occurring (Fig. 4B; Supporting Fig. S4B).
We did not consider internal biological system laboratory measures such as red blood cell count, triglyceride level, cholesterol level, or other physiological measures.
Interestingly, the immediate fate of free fatty acids taken up by hypothalamic cells was triglyceride (TG) synthesis since exposure of starved cells to triacsin C, an inhibitor of TG synthesis, completely blocked TG synthesis during starvation [ 36].
Strikingly, the kinetics by which C/EBPα-expressing and C/EBPα-silenced cells utilized triglyceride (the lipid form of energy reserve) was different.
Estimated whole blood viscosity was higher in whites and smokers and was positively associated with higher body mass index, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, fibrinogen, white blood cells, and triglyceride levels, but it was inversely associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (all Ptrend (linear) < 0.001).
