"The transition from cell, to cell society, to animal organism is an old story in evolution: individuals group into societies, which themselves become individuals".
This modification leads to context dependence in a cell society as mentioned above.
When we transplant a single differentiated cell to another cell society, the transplanted cell changes its cellular state in accordance with the states of surrounding cells.
Alone in the fifth tier of immune cell society is the CTL [ 1- 3]; this is the one cell type that receives multiple one-way inputs.
According to our theory, cellular states are sustained through cell-cell interactions with each other, which results in the cellular context dependency and the robustness of a cell society.
Thus, to achieve a cell society consisting of type-S, A, and B cells, the order of emergence of these cell types is important (in this case, type-S cells appear first, and after increase of type-S cells by cell divisions, they differentiate into type-A and B cells simultaneously).
Consequently, much of this opinion piece on energy consumption, particularly as expressed by the authors as an analogical link between human cells, society, and the biosphere, was not convincing.
And, of course, under-consumption has very different implications to individuals, their cells, society and the environment, but except for the inclusion of the term in the sentences quoted above, under-consumption and its various implications are not discussed.
Cells, cities, societies, even political institutions all had the capacity to steady their states through the actions of self-regulated and counterpoised forces.
Yet such frivolity was only allowed within certain parameters: a meeting of two young North Koreans at work or university who would later settle in a new "cell of society" – a family.
