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Membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells often results in pinhole formation, which does not force an immediate fuel cell shutdown, as the performance is still good and the gas crossover is moderate for low membrane defect densities.
During startup from subzero temperatures the water produced in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) forms ice/frost in the cathode catalyst layer (CL), blocking the oxygen transport and causing cell shutdown once all CL pores are plugged with ice.
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Nevertheless, partial oxidation to elemental sulphur (S s)) accounted for 70% of H2S removal progressively increasing the pressure drop over the column; reducing the availability of the treatment line and eventually leading to fuel cell shutdowns.
Bart's cell phone shutdown prompts such fears on a national scale.
Gas purge intended to minimize residual water in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) during shutdown is critically important for cell performance and durability under freeze/thaw and cold-start cycling.
The cathode shows a low hydrogen overvoltage (ca. 90 mV at 90°C, at 30 A dm−2 in a 35 wt.% NaOH) and has excellent stability under cell short-circuiting shutdown as well as under normal operating condition.
Reactive singlet oxygen is capable of causing direct tumour cell killing, vascular shutdown and local damage by recruitment of inflammatory and immune mediators (Henderson and Dougherty, 1992).
The resulting oxidative damage ultimately culminates in tumor cell death, vascular shutdown, induction of an antitumor immune response, and the consequent destruction of the tumor.
Because efficient amplification of adenoviral vectors containing an adenoviral DNA replication-targeting amiRNA cassette in packaging cells requires the shutdown of amiRNA expression in these cells, amiRNA expression in our system is under the control of a tetracycline repressor/operator system.
Strikingly, withdrawal of DOX-dependent KLF2 and NANOG expression resulted in the rapid loss of colony morphology, the appearance of differentiated cells, and the shutdown of OCT4-ΔPE-GFP reporter activity within 7 days.
Target inhibition, dormancy of endothelial cells or vascular shutdown with subsequent tumour ischaemia are important biologial end points that have the potential to predict antitumour activity, but the only reliable source to determine these end points is the tumour.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com