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Previous assumptions that DNA was the target necessary for ionizing radiation (IR) to successfully damage the cell (Hall and Giaccia, 2012) are now considered to be incomplete.
Assuming a linear relationship between the number of DSBs and the total dose, a radiation dose of 10 cGy will induce about two DSBs per cell (Hall 2000), which is likely below the limits of detection.
This finding has generated a model, which proposes that the Pt(IV) drug exists in a dynamic equilibrium across the cell membrane and that the preferable rate of intracellular 'aquation' and subsequent reactivity effectively traps the drug inside the cell (Hall et al, 2004b).
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The convection electric field drives the DP2 currents composed of two-cell Hall current vortices at high latitude and zonal currents at the equator (Nishida 1968).
During the substorm growth phase and storm main phase, the dawn-to-dusk convection electric field is intensified by the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), driving the ionospheric DP2 currents composed of two-cell Hall current vortices in high latitudes and Pedersen currents amplified at the dayside equator (EEJ).
(from Fig. 4 of Kikuchi et al. 1996) Fig. 3 A schematic diagram of the DP2 ionospheric currents composed of the two-cell Hall currents at high latitudes driven by the dawn-to-dusk convection electric field under the southward IMF condition and the Pedersen currents flowing into the equatorial ionosphere where the current is enhanced by the Cowling effect (EEJ).
SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor 1) was identified as a key target of estrogens in ER-positive breast and ovarian cells (Hall and Korach 2012).
A similar phenomenon takes place in mammals, where peripheral nerve fiber transection down-regulates expression of myelin-associated genes in distal Schwann cells (Hall, 2005).
Dibutyryl cAMP or forskolin (both activate adenylyl cyclase and elevate cAMP level in cells) was reported to inhibit the cytolytic activity of NK cells against certain tumour target cells (Hall et al, 1983).
This depth of field does extend sufficiently into the tissue to provide measurements of distribution in both the outer proliferative and deeper quiescent cell populations (Hall et al, 2003; Walker et al, 2003).
It should be noted that the level and nature of the bystander effects are likely to be dependent on the cell type (Hall, 2003), possibly due to different connexin expression profiles.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com