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When too much ATP is released for too long, it can induce a hair-trigger cell danger response in neighboring neurons.
In 2013, Naviaux spelled out his hypothesis that autism involves a prolonged, heightened cell danger response, disrupting pathways within and between neurons and contributing to the symptoms of the disorder.
To test the idea, he and colleagues focused on a process called the cell danger response, by which the cell protects itself from threats like infection, temperature changes, and toxins.
To determine if suramin could protect these receptors from overstimulation by ATP, Naviaux's team worked with mice that developed an autism-like disorder after their mothers had been exposed to a simulated viral infection (and heightened cell danger responses) during pregnancy.
Cell damage, both cancer and normal, is thereby an important and powerful stimulus for tissue inflammatory responses – initially innate, then adaptive – with both arms of immunity progressing simultaneously after cell danger signals have been liberated.
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Two models for the outcomes of cell-in-cell are suggested, in which heterotypic cell-in-cell formation is defined as an 'in-cell' danger signal.
To elucidate the exact biological significance will facilitate our understanding of how cell-in-cell initiates the 'in-cell danger' recognition for the most efficient self-protection depending on the type of internalized cells.
It is possible that these two processes endow with different mission for internalized cells: for entosis, target cells degrade homogenous cells for self nutrition and proliferation, whereas heterotypic cell-in-cell structure is more likely to be an 'in-cell danger signal' whose destination is to completely eliminate effector cells by apoptosis.
To our prediction, the presence and status of killer cells and their interactions with tissue cells are more likely to deliver an 'in-cell danger signal' when entering the target cells, whose destination is to eliminate the invading killer cells by apoptosis inside with the abundance of GzmB.
Whereas entosis or cannibalism may serve as a feed-on mechanism to exacerbate and nourish tumor cells, emperitosis of immune killer cells inside tumor cells may serve as an in-cell danger sensation model to prevent the killing of target cells from inside, implying a unique mechanism for tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance.
In order to recognize the molecular patterns, cells of the innate immune system express receptors able to detect highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), endogenous components released from damaged cells (danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)), also referred to as alarmins [ 38], and the loss of MHC class I molecules.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com