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Comparisons between CDR 0 and CDR 1 groups of the 'discovery' cohort (one sample was unavailable for re-evaluation, n = 47) were performed using unpaired t-test.
For CDR 0 vs >0 comparisons and CDR 1 vs <1 comparisons, unpaired t-test was used; Welch's correction for unequal variances was applied for YKL-40, p-tau181, tau, and Aβ42.
To identify new candidate biomarkers for AD, we utilized an unbiased proteomics approach, 2D-DIGE LC-MS/MS [32], [33], to compare the relative concentrations of CSF proteins in individuals with mild "probable AD" (CDR 1, n = 24) to those in individuals with normal cognition (CDR 0, n = 24).
Participants who were cognitively normal (CDR 0, n = 198), very mildly demented (CDR 0.5, n = 65) or mildly demented (CDR 1, n = 29) at the time of LP were selected without regard to previously measured biomarkers.
These analyses were repeated for CDR 1 vs CDR<1.
Briefly, CDR 0 and CDR 1 samples were randomly paired.
Similar(18)
CSF samples from individuals with mild AD (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 1) (n = 24) and cognitively normal controls (CDR 0) (n = 24) were subjected to two-dimensional difference-in-gel electrophoresis.
For each gel feature that was matched across >50% of the gels (n = 764), a Student's t-test (α = 0.05) was performed to determine the statistical significance of CDR 0/CDR 1 ratios, using the DeCyder EDA (Extended Data Analysis) module.
21, 22 Dementia (CDR 1+) was confirmed and diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DMS-IV), whereas diagnosis of questionable dementia (QD) was made according to a CDR value of 0.5+.
About three-quarters of carers looking after those with very mild dementia (CDR 0.5) thought the intervention was delivered at the right time, rising to over 80% of those with relatives with mild or moderate dementia (CDR 1 2).
The following summarizes the BMOPSO-CDR: 1. Randomly initialize the swarm, evaluate each particle according to the considered objective functions, and then store in the EA the particles' positions that are non-dominated solutions; 2.
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