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Most frequently, biogeographic boundaries are explained to be associated with some combination of historical and ecological processes [ 78], causing lineage divergence and local endemism (such as [ 79]).
Through mortality, hybrid variability interacts with the environmental and seasonal variation in the field (Weinig et al. 2003; Hails and Morley 2005), causing lineage sorting and selection not present in a greenhouse (Campbell et al. 2009; Hooftman et al. 2009).
Differences in generation time could affect substitution rates, causing lineage effects on substitution rates if organisms with shorter generation times experience more mutations per unit of chronological time than organisms with longer generation times.
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The method generates novel insights into the biology of the meningococcus and improves our understanding of the whole population structure, not just disease causing lineages.
Wild-type laboratory strains of model organisms are typically kept in isolation for many years, with the action of genetic drift and selection on mutational variation causing lineages to diverge with time.
Consistent with this, knockdown of proteins affecting spindle orientation causes lineage defects and stem cell overproliferation.
The accumulation of inflammatory cells and cytokines, together with the accelerated tissue renewal rates may increase the chance of epigenetic variance that eventually cause lineage infidelity.
Because endogenous Numb was not detected in ISCs (data not shown) and numb mutations do not cause lineage defects (Bardin et al., 2010) (data not shown), it seems unlikely that Numb is a key downstream factor of aPKC in ISCs.
This increased rate of coalescence causes lineages to merge within a narrow time interval.
The strong-migration limit follows from a separation of timescales: going back in time, migration spreads the lineages on a faster timescale, whereas genetic drift causes lineages to coalesce on a slower one.
Furthermore, it will be of great interest to identify the selective pressures in the tumor microenvironment (immune system, hypoxia, geographic isolation, nutrient deprivation) that cause lineages to diverge, resulting in the intratumor heterogeneity.
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