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A distinguished characteristic of this flame is the rollup of two simultaneous vortices corresponding to inner and outer diffusion flames, which convect downstream at the same velocity, and interact with the twin flame surfaces, causing flame flicker and stretch.
The relative importance of the two effects changes dynamically in time, and, beyond some instant after ignition, the spray evaporation effect is completely dominant, causing flame acceleration for any Lewis number, in sharp contrast to the behavior of an equivalent gaseous flame.
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The yatiris toss pure alcohol or beer on the small pyres, causing flames to leap in the cold air or subside.
The fire started about 3 p.m. in a transformer vault at 167th Street in Kew Gardens, causing flames to reach a busy overpass nearby at the height of the afternoon commuter rush, fire officials said.
Firefighters believe the blaze was caused by the kitchen extractor fan catching fire, causing flames to rise to the roof.
The propane stream causes the bowl to wobble, causing flames pour out from underneath, twisting and folding upwards.
In the process of getting its flapjack fix, the dog accidentally turns on one of the stove burners, causing flames to erupt and the house to fill with smoke.
Lateral heat loss causes flame oscillation even at fuel Lewis number less than unity.
Non-locality occurs due to mean tangential flow along the flame brush, which causes flame wrinkles to translate downstream.
A major limitation is the insufficient understanding of the effects of negative stretch rates that might cause flame extinction.
In addition, for the spherically expanding helium-diluted flames studied here (Le > 1), stretch suppresses flame propagation and may cause flame extinction.
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