"Although caffeine has a sunscreen effect, it also has a biological effect of causing apoptosis — programmed cell death — in UVB-damaged skin cells and in tumors but not in normal skin or in areas adjacent to tumors in tumor-bearing mice," Dr. Conney said in an e-mail message.
It also reportedly takes part in causing apoptosis when wounded dental pulp cells heal.
NPs can also affect the respiratory chain of mitochondria and Bax protein levels, thereby causing apoptosis.
They have been applied as diagnostic and therapeutic agents because they can be targeted to and localized in cells causing apoptosis and necrosis.
Clodronate (CLO) is a first-generation bisphosphonate with anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting the cytokine and NO secretion from macrophages, therefore causing apoptosis in these cells.
VN and VS2 were the two most active compounds against A375 (IC50 of 4.7 and 2.6 μM, respectively), causing apoptosis and cell cycle block.
CLC, especially with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, appeared to be detrimental to chicken spermatozoa, causing apoptosis, impairment of mitochondrial potential, and damaged acrosomes and sperm plasma membranes.
It has been shown that it produces ROS (hydroxyl radicals, superoxides, and hydrogen peroxide) in the presence of moisture which ostensibly react with bacterial cell material such as protein, lipids, and DNA, eventually causing apoptosis.
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is capable of causing apoptosis in tumor cells but not in normal cells; however, it has been shown that certain types of tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
The results suggest that silver nano- and submicron-particles (AgNPs) are more cytotoxic and cytostatic compared to TiO2-NPs, causing apoptosis, necrosis and decreased proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
The anthrax toxin, LeTx, is specifically cytotoxic to macrophages, causing apoptosis of human macrophages [8].
