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Loss of Notch function causes wing margin defects and widening of wing veins [ 26].
DWV, a viral disease closely linked to Varroa mite infestation [ 52], causes wing deformity and premature death in adult honey bees of A. mellifera [ 52].
Spectrin inactivation causes wing overgrowth by modulating contractility of cortical actin thus demonstrating a linkage between spectrins, the cortical cytoskeleton and modulation of the downstream Hippo pathway.
(C ) Chrimson-mediated activation of P1 neurons causes wing extension (wing ext). in solitary males, which is suppressed by co-activation of neurons expressing R43D01-Gal4.
(E – J ) Wing hair polarity in the region between veins L3 and L4 and proximal to the anterior cross vein (black box in E ). (J ) Overexpressing fat causes wing hairs to change direction (yellow arrowhead).
To further distinguish between chromosome breakage and homologous recombination as the principal mechanism for the elevated frequency of wing blade clones in CG7670 e04496 homozygotes, we used a second cuticular marker, flare (flr, recombination map position 3 38.8), which causes wing blade hairs to be malformed.
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(L – M ) Compared to (L ) control nb-Gal4 wings, (M ) overexpressing GFP-Cindr causes wings to be rounder and crossveins closer (arrows).
Brain extirpation did not cause wing disks to stop growing (Figure 4).
In addition to the formation of ectopic vein tissue, some dSmad2 RNAi clones on the posterior margin caused wing outgrowths (Figure 4G).
Type C blisters lack the sharp boundaries seen in Type A and B blisters, and they are very large, causing wing crumpling.
Varroa infestation does not always cause wing deformity.
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