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Depending on its depth from the soil surface, shallow groundwater can represent a valuable water resource to alleviate droughts, or a stress agent that causes waterlogging and flooding in rainfed crops.
Salts accumulate in the high spots which have too little penetration and leaching (water runs off), while water accumulates in low-lying areas which causes waterlogging and potential drainage problems.
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If seepage and horizontal recharge exceed evaporation and natural drainage, then groundwater levels rise, eventually causing waterlogging.
But, it says, "intensive irrigation regimes and poor drainage practices have caused waterlogging and soil salinity throughout Pakistan's countryside.
Although small-scale irrigation development is less likely to cause waterlogging and salinization than large-scale development, the danger of land degradation should never be ignored.
At the same time, improper irrigation practices are causing waterlogging, salinization, soil erosion and water pollution which directly affects other irrigators.
As a result, irrigating more frequently to reduce possible water stress may also waste water and cause waterlogging and drainage problems.
In areas along the coastal strip, calcareous impermeable layers are found at depths of 1-3 metres, causing waterlogging and impeding leaching.
In a dry area it may be sensible to increase surface storage to improve crop yield in most years, but in a wet year this could cause waterlogging and reduce the yield.
Accidental seepage from canals may be beneficial where a rise in the water table is helpful, but it can also lead to undesirable results by causing waterlogging or salinity problems.
It was said that the inappropriate transfer of desert technology to the steppe environment, with its very high seepage from open canals, the use of mineralized water, overwatering and the use of heavy machinery, had caused waterlogging, salinization, formation of surface hard crust, loss of organic matter and water erosion.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com