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It is the contrast in the dielectric permittivity between the subsoil that causes reflections: the greater the difference in dielectric permittivity (variation in textural, lithology and porosity of subsoil), the greater the coefficient of reflectivity [7] which translates GPR reflection pattern variations.
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"Whenever you have something like that, it causes reflection," Daly said.
The optical properties of the tissue components that determine the propagation of light are the scattering and absorption coefficients and the tissue inhomogeneity in the refractive index, which causes reflection and refraction of the light.
A theoretical model of a straight pipe with discontinuities, which cause reflections, is developed and incorporated into a model of the cross-correlation function.
The slot may be tapered at its ends to avoid discontinuities causing reflections.
The targeted tracking system, however, employs a non-contact laser range scanner causing reflections by laser beams of different angles of incidence.
Doubtless Snowden caused reflection and perhaps some change of strategy.
But perhaps they would be even better served by being asked probing questions, questions that cause reflection and hope.
The new scheme gives much less numerical dissipation compared to the upstream scheme, and this may cause reflection at the upper boundary.
Free-space path loss (FSPL) is the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line of sight path through free space, with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction [23].
Oncologists were more satisfied than general surgeons overall (88.3% versus 75.0%) but more general surgeons than oncologists reported that information revealed was not accessible elsewhere, discussion provided useful tips for practice, and discussion caused reflection on practice.
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