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Accurate estimates of rate variation, and thus accurate inferences regarding the causes of rate variation, depend on accurate estimates of substitution rates.
The rate of molecular evolution is known to vary in three predominant ways (changes in: mutation rate, population size, and selection coefficients; [1]), but in practice, the specific causes of rate variation are difficult to isolate [2], [3].
Unfortunately, causes of rate variation for insertions/deletions beyond the difference between informational genes and operational genes still remain unclear.
A useful method for distinguishing among the potential causes of rate variation is to separately examine nonsynonymous rates (r N ) and synonymous rates (r S ).
Understanding the causes of rate variation in protein evolution is central for many fields including molecular evolution, comparative genomics and structural biology.
Two intrinsic biological variables, generation time and metabolic rate, have been interpreted as causes of rate variations in other organisms [ 60, 61, 65- 68].
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Another possible cause of rate acceleration is an increase in mutation rate [ 58].
This was suggested as a cause of rate variation in non-coding DNA in the Lentibulareaceae [ 9].
The multiple site model was again proposed by Pingitore and Eastman (1986) as a possible cause of rate effect on Sr partitioning.
And the thing I liked about this two-period diagram is that it brings out the von Boehm-Bawerk causes of interest rate in a very succinct way.
In recent years, cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality rate.
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