In phenomenographic research, on the other hand, the objective is to elucidate the second-order perspective, i.e. describe the underlying causes of experiencing the world, the phenomenon and the situation.
Instead they suggest that literature is a "potential cause of experiences" consisting of a system of stratified norms – implicit in the work – which can only be partially realized by the reader; it is neither purely material, mental, nor ideal, nor is it static or bereft of value.
In a study on the illness experience, meaning and help-seeking among Chinese immigrants in Canada, Lee and his colleagues noted that underemployment was prominent among perceived causes of illness experience [ 20].
The additional interest of Bell's work, however, is the importance he gave to bodily movements, especially of the heart and lungs, as not only outward signs, but also as constitutive causes of emotional experience.
Nonetheless, cultural differences have been reported for women with PP [ 41], including differences in symptoms [ 42] and differences in beliefs about causes of the experience and attitudes to treatment [ 43].
That project was transformed, Demopoulos and Friedman argue, by replacing inference from the given in experience to the cause of that experience with an inference to the rather impoverished, structural, reality of the causes of those experiences.
On this view, pressure waves bear information about sounds and are the proximal causes of auditory experiences, but are not identical with sounds.
The latter can have multiple causes, including lack of experience or insufficient means for the clinical development program.
