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We excluded COPD exacerbation and all other causes of exacerbation of chronic pulmonary disease.
However, the clinical relevance of bacterial presence in the airways has been questioned, and the lack of sensitive and specific diagnosis tools adds difficulties in determining the precise proportion of bacterial infections among other causes of exacerbation to better guide antibiotic therapy [23 27].
However, the clinical relevance of bacterial presence in the airways has been questioned, and the lack of sensitive and specific diagnosis tools adds difficulties in determining the precise proportion of bacterial infections among other causes of exacerbation to better guide antibiotic therapy [ 23– 27].
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Important causes of exacerbations include infections (bacterial, viral and combined viral/bacteria) and environmental factors.
Known causes of exacerbations include tobacco smoke, air pollution, dusts and fumes, and respiratory infections [ 1], [ 2].
35 36 Infective causes of exacerbations are therefore expected to be higher in the winter and may be associated with longer LOS.
Although it would be hard to conclude complex relationship between COPD and GERD considering own severity and specific medications for both diseases and their interactions, we need to pay more attention to unraveling the heterogeneous causes of exacerbations.
Lung infection was the most common cause of exacerbation (n = 26; 65%).
Initial empiric antibiotic therapy corresponds to that administered during the first 24 h of ICU admission for the treatment of the cause of exacerbation.
An attempt was made to define the cause of exacerbation for all patients.
Thus, CAP should be considered as a cause of exacerbation in the differential diagnosis and treated appropriately if present [ 2].
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