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Neurological images "are powerful, but images are not causes" of behaviour, says Tomas Paus, a professor of psychology and psychiatry at the University of Toronto, who has authored research papers with Steinberg but is more sceptical of overarching interpretations.
The aim of this research was to explore ideas on the causes of behaviour, particularly violent and antisocial behaviour and examine how respondents use the nature/nurture model.
In practice the nature-nurture model persists as a way of framing discussion on the causes of behaviour in genetic research papers, as well as in the media and lay debate.
Again, consider Donald Davidson's (1970) argument that, since the only laws governing behaviour are those connecting behaviour with physical antecedents, mental events can only be causes of behaviour if they are identical with those physical antecedents.
The example of communication considered above goes slightly further than this – and suggests that prior beliefs about the causes of behaviour (and its consequences) are not necessarily tied to any particular agent: rather, they are used to recognise canonical behaviours that are intermittently generated by oneself and another.
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While researchers are aware of the complexity of gene-environment interaction, the 'nature and nurture' model persists as a simple way of framing discussion on the causes of behaviours.
But the real cause of behaviour is attitude.
There could then be a complete physical cause of behaviour, and a mental one.
"To say that the biochemistry is the driving force or cause of behaviour is taking the interpretation too far.
Our introduction of new injunctions to prevent nuisance or annoyance will not criminalise youngsters but address the underlying causes of antisocial behaviour, nipping such behaviour in the bud before it escalates.
Hence, caregivers were asked whether children show negative behaviour, and the causes of such behaviour in their opinion.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com