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IN contrast to physics, Lewontin therefore suggests, biology is hampered by the fact that in organisms many weak causes interact and outcomes are crucially dependent on accidents of history and the initial state of the system.
From a computational perspective, the key role of modulatory effects is to model the context-sensitive and nonlinear way in which causes interact to produce sensory consequences.
Very interestingly, this idea implicitly implements the assumption that causes interact, given that from this perspective the effect of a combination of causes need not be the same as the sum of the effects of its elements.
The solution to this ill-posed problem is to use a generative (forward) model that contains prior beliefs about how causes interact: e.g. that objects maintain a constant size irrespective of their distance from the observer.
The aim of this paper is to explore women's perceptions of the causes of IPV in West Africa and the ways in which they believe these causes interact with the experience of war.
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Systemic causation has chains of direct causes, interacting causes, feedback loops, and probabilistic causes -- often combined.
In the Jit model there is recognition that problem areas are shaped by multiple causes that interact in unpredictable ways, and that an improvement body simply has to work with this complexity.
Therefore, participants should have no reason to assume the causes might interact.
The most common triad of causes that interact and ultimately result in ulceration has been identified as neuropathy, deformity, and trauma (5).
Some herbal preparations have toxic effects (kava causes hepatotoxicity), interact with prescription drugs (St John Wort), or cause surgical complications (garlic, ginko and ginseng may enhance bleeding and ginseng causes hypoglycaemia) [ 27, 28].
ICTs rarely are a single cause but interact with other technological, economic, and political forces to shape the extent of income inequality.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com