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Methods used to project risks in low-Earth orbit are of questionable merit for exploration missions because of the limited radiobiology data and knowledge of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) heavy ions, which causes estimates of the risk of late effects to be highly uncertain.
However, spatial oversampling of specific areas may lead to these areas becoming apparent 'sinks', where overrepresentation of a deme causes estimates of migration into that deme to increase.
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Measurement error may also cause estimates of some components to be more accurate than others (Bell et al. 2009, 2011).
Patterns in residual variances can have important implications for evolutionary trajectories of phenotypic traits as they may cause estimates of heritability to change across environments (e.g., [ 36, 44, 47]).
In previous work on rats, we have found that small differences in measurement style between weeks can cause estimates of testis volume to fluctuate by approximately 10% from week to week [ 5], and that use of running three-point point means reduces this source of measurement error [e.g. [ 36]].
The authority has budgeted $21 billion for major projects from 2005 to 2009, but increasing construction costs are causing estimates for many of those projects to rise far beyond expectations.
The protests, which have already caused estimated losses of $100 million, are in support of demands that the military remove troops from the chatare, the country's principal area of coca cultivation.
Large vertical gradients of CO2 at night cause estimates of vertical advection to be extremely sensitive to small errors in wc with standard errors of the mean flux exceeding 3 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1.
The Blaster worm and SoBig virus that attacked this summer caused estimated losses of $35 billion.
Katrina alone caused estimated damages of $200 billion, and some conservative House Republicans have suggested reducing government spending by $500 billion over 10 years to pay for that one storm's overall costs.
The hurricane's intense winds, waves, rains and storm surge were responsible for at least 45 deaths across ten countries and caused estimated damages of US$1.66 billion.
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