Finally, virulence factors secreted by EAEC and DAEC, which cause proteolysis of proteins that stabilize actin filament networks.
Lys-48 linked chains cause proteolysis of target proteins [ 6], and Lys-63 linked chains regulate signal transduction such as cellular localization of protein or protein-protein interactions [ 7].
To further investigate the specific role of ASM in hepatocytes, primary hepatocytes were isolated and treated with high-dose glucose (600 mg/dl), which increased glycogen levels (Fig. 8 A ). Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, causes proteolysis of the active 72-kDa ASM form, thus inhibiting ASM activity (30).
CisPt caused the proteolysis of procaspase-7 and -9 at higher concentration, but it also caused the activation of caspase-3 and PARP proteolysis.
Furthermore, caspase-14 caused limited proteolysis of ICAD, followed by accumulation of caspase-activated DNase (CAD) in TUNEL-positive nuclei.
Purified caspase-14 from human cornified cell extracts caused limited proteolysis of ICAD, releasing three major degradation products of 32, 27 and 11 kDa that appear to be similar to those generated by caspase-3.
Little and colleagues [6] showed that MMP-13-deficient mice are resistance to osteoarthritic cartilage erosion, which caused by proteolysis of the principal cartilage matrix such as aggrecan and cartilage collagens suggesting cartilage structural damage in OA is highly dependent on MMP-13 activity.
On the contrary, ubiquitin and proteasome, that proceed to the recognition and degradation of anomalous proteins, as well as the SCF and anaphase promoting complexes, that cause the proteolysis of the cyclin-CDK complexes, have patterns of activation which are more delayed and broadened.
Executioner caspases cause limited proteolysis of ICAD (inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase), releasing CAD (caspase-activated DNase) that is translocated into the nucleus, where it causes DNA degradation.
Upregulated MMP and ADAMTS cause pathological proteolysis of disc ECM and the subsequent development of IDD.35,36 The inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is a widely used key factor in regulating the expression of MMPs of disc cells, therefore, it is used to mimic the catabolic state of NP cells.
