The most important came from a diagnosis in January of esophageal spasms, which had caused chest pains so severe that Meyer compared them to "an ax in my chest".
Instead, after his racing heart caused chest pains that felt like an impending heart attack, his mother whisked him off to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., where in just two hours he learned he had a form of autonomic dysfunction known as POTS, short for postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.
Several mothers found tying the baby in the chest very tiring, with some indicating that it caused chest pain and backache.
Costochondritis occurs when the cartilages bridging the ribs and sternum are inflamed, causing chest pain which can be confused with that arising from heart disease.
It can cause chest pain, nausea and vomiting as well as impair the ability to swallow, which leads to weight loss and fatigue.
C.A.D. occurs when fatty deposits, or plaque, choke off the flow of blood in arteries supplying the heart, weakening the muscle and often causing chest pain.
The drug forces the lungs to work harder by obstructing the air flow and causes chest tightness and wheezing, a study found.
To remove scar tissue, which can adhere to muscles and to the fibrous tissue covering the ribs, some doctors mistakenly remove too much muscle or breast tissue, which can cause chest deformities, she said.
In particular, inhaled ozone can damage the lungs, according to the E.P.A. Relatively low amounts can cause chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath and throat irritation, and ozone may also worsen chronic respiratory diseases.
Their report focused only on elective procedures performed on patients with stable coronary artery disease, a type that can cause chest pain and other symptoms during physical exertion but generally not at other times.
More common, though, is what Dr. Lynne Jones, a child psychiatrist and disaster expert with the International Medical Corps, calls "earthquake shock," a persistent sensation that the earth is still shaking, which makes the heart race and causes chest pain.
