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Because the water quality impacts of the pollution discharged by polluters are closely related to the polluters' locations, a water pollution trading system for non-uniformly mixed pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) may cause violations of predetermined water quality standards over the length of a river.
Fu et al. [9] observed that the distribution of the first digit of DCT coefficients after JPEG compression followed the generalized Benford's law and stated that double JPEG compression could be detected because it would cause violations of the first digit law.
Lateral lesions, in contrast, appear to cause violations of these rules to go unnoticed.
While the FD theorem can be applied to tracer particles whose motion is induced by the random thermal force that causes conventional Brownian motion [4], forces of nonthermal origin [5], [6], [7] can cause violations of the FD theorem.
Another factor that may cause violations of model assumptions made in the LRT is the population demographic process.
In cities where studded tires are used, road dust may cause violations of limit values for PM10.
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Dispersion errors can cause violation of physical scalar bounds, whereas numerical dissipation is key to mitigating those violations.
The set-up is then used to formally determine which (single or multiple) fault modes cause violation of the top-level safety-related property, much in the spirit of fault-tree analyses.
He apparently also violated and caused violations of Enron's Code of Conduct by purchasing, and offering to Enron employees, extraordinarily lucrative interests in the Southampton Place partnership.
Outliers were identified from residuals and QQ plots and removed from the study (note that inclusion of outliers did not change patterns of significance, but were excluded from the final analysis because they have a disproportionate influence on mean estimates and caused violations of normality).
First, defining states by partitioning the protein conformation space into disjoint cells causes violation of the Markovian property.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com