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Retroelements in rRNA sequences may cause transposition of rRNA sequences.
Small-scale duplications may also cause transposition of one of the duplicate genes to an ectopic site.
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Hypomethylation in the promoter region of LINE-1 causes transcriptional activation of LINE-1 element, which causes transposition of the retroelement and chromosomal alteration [ 21].
The ddm1 mutation in Arabidopsis, which results in genome-wide methylation reduction by 70% [ 34], has caused transposition of an otherwise dormant endogenous CACTA transposon, and produced a spectrum of new insertions [ 31].
Recently, other groups have shown that Hp1a localizes to Drosophila and mammalian telomeres and that mutations in Hp1a increase the frequency of telomere fusions and cause increased transposition rates of both HeT-A and TART elements[69], [70].
Even though transcription of TEs is not sufficient to cause their transposition, it is a necessary first step for mobilization of retroelements.
We have shown in this study that etoposide may indeed cause rampant transposition of a MITE transposon, mPing, endogenous to the rice genome [ 25].
Gene movements are often caused by transposition.
Traces of mutations and/or genome rearrangements caused by transposition of these elements have been detected in our preliminary analysis.
In the H. sp. NRC-1, due to genetic instability caused by transposition of insertion sequences, typically about 1% of colonies in a plate are gas-vesicle deficient and 0.1% are carotenoid deficient mutants [ 13].
The dominance of the ancestral 2n = 50 karyotype in Nemacheilidae refutes chromosomal rearrangements as the trigger mechanism for this dispersion, but amplification and dispersion of 5S rDNA clusters may also be caused by transposition and unequal crossing-over or ectopic recombination between various tandemly-arrayed sequences in adjacent heterochromatin [ 102, 115, 116].
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