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Coking was found to be the cause of deactivation.
Pd sintering was shown to be an important cause of deactivation for PTA catalysts.
The used catalysts from these experiments were fully characterized to determine the extent and the cause of deactivation.
The main cause of deactivation was associated to the progressive formation of organic deposits on the surface of catalyst.
Nads is one major cause of deactivation accompanied with the formation of surface O/OHads at high potentials.
The failure of the regeneration procedures to recover the initial activity and after detailed catalyst' characterization allows us to find out the main cause of deactivation.
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This article discusses the causes of deactivation and the influence on reaction rate.
The main causes of deactivation were determined to be deposition of organic compounds and palladium loss.
As (i), (iv), and (v) are chemical in nature and (ii) and (v) are mechanical, the causes of deactivation are basically three-fold: chemical, mechanical and thermal.
Several causes of deactivation have been put forward: oxidation of metal, blocking of active sites by strong adsorption of side-products, metal leaching and growth of platinum crystallites.
To identify the possible causes of deactivation, the fresh and used catalysts were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, thermoprogrammed oxidation, infrared spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
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