Sentence examples for cause hardness from inspiring English sources

Softening is the process of removing the dissolved calcium and magnesium salts that cause hardness in water.

In certain circumstances, the presence of metal ions is undesirable, as, for example, in water, in which calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions cause hardness.

Calcium sulfate may occur in groundwater, causing hardness that cannot be removed by boiling.

Natural water contains magnesium and calcium, which caused hardness of groundwater based on dissolved polyvalent metallic ions (Basavarajappa and Manjunatha 2015).

The microstructures that cause peak hardness differ between the T6 and T6I4 tempers – the former is a result of solute clustering as well as the precipitation of GPB zones and S phase, whereas in the latter, secondary ageing promotes only the formation of solute clusters.

The microstructures in middle zone are similar to that of the near surface, causing uniform hardness profile.

The scale dependence of the so-called geometrically necessary dislocations causes enhanced hardness with decreasing scale.

Increasing the grain size to 23 nm (by annealing) caused the hardness to increase by 27%, in violation of the Hall Petch relation [65].

Then, a further increase in grain size (by annealing at higher temperatures) caused the hardness to decrease, in agreement with the Hall Petch relation.

Introducing a small amount of TiN or TiC into a-C matrix causes a hardness reduction, but further addition of crystalline phase makes increase the hardness.

With the indentation depth of less than 100 nm, it is clearly revealed that the local interaction between dislocations and grain boundaries causes various hardness dependences on indentation depth.