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TEM β-lactamases are the main cause for resistance against β-lactam antibiotics.
Also, resistance to INH, alone or in combination with other drugs, is now the second most common cause for resistance.
One proposed cause for resistance to trastuzumab and lapatinib is the overexpression of HER3 in response to tyrosine kinase inhibition [ 20].
β-lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) are the main cause for resistance against β-lactam antibiotics [ 1, 2], because they inactivate the antibiotics by hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins.
We conclude that relevant somatic mutations of the CD95 gene occur, if at all, at a very low frequency and are not the primary cause for resistance to CD95-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer.
Cellular up-regulation of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) is a common cause for resistance to chemotherapy; development of third generation MDR1 inhibitors several of which contain a common 6,7-dimethoxy-2-phenethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline substructure is underway.
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Mutation in drug-interacting disease proteins is one of the primary causes for resistance particularly against anti-infectious drugs.
In this article, we first describe various causes for resistance to change and then outline a systematic way to select a strategy and set of specific approaches for implementing an organizational change effort.
There are believed to be two main causes for resistance problems in general.
Evidence from endocrine, molecular and pathological measurements in clinical material taken before and after therapy with AIs and data from clinical trials in which AIs have been given as treatment either alone or in combination with other targeted agents suggest diverse causes for resistance.
With this limitation of not having pre-treatment results, the role of activating mutations in additional oncogenes in TKI-resistance may be the primary cause for TKI resistance especially in the case of KDR Q472H mutations.
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