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This correlation, observed in patients, does not define the cause-effect direction.
Reversing the cause-effect direction, some previous case control studies have shown that patients with COPD may be at higher risk for osteoporosis and vertebral fractures [ 44], through mechanisms such as inflammation [ 45], increased bone resorption [ 46] or steroid use [ 47].
Future research might be strongly encouraged to clarify the relationship between euthanasia attitudes and trust by having a look at the cause-effect direction, and testing whether the impact of trust on euthanasia attitudes is really mediated by slippery slope fears.
However, due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, we do not know the cause-effect direction of the association and it is not possible to rule out that lack of sufficient sleep is a risk factor for allergy onset instead of the more intuitive relationship between allergy nasal obstructive symptoms and sleep disturbances.
If ETS causes effects in the same direction as active smoking, but presumably to a lesser extent, this would tend to dilute effects we observed because of ETS exposure being included in the comparison group.
Cause and effect become jumbled.
Cause and effect is a bit hazier.
Cause and effect are hard to connect.
Correlation is not cause and effect, though.
6) Cause and Effect.
Cause and effect.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com