On the contrary, humans instinctively search for cause-effect associations fulfilling a need for "control" that is comforting in the relationships with the world around us.
Finally, we cannot conclude any cause-effect associations from this cross-sectional study.
Limitations of this study include the cross-sectional design, which prevents us from determining any cause-effect associations.
By tracing specific episodes in this way, it is possible to understand discrete circumstances and cause-effect associations based upon each individual's immediate experiences.
An article was regarded as analytical if it seeks to explain the reasons behind a particular occurrence by discovering causal relationships or, even if self-classified as descriptive, it was carried out to assess cause-effect associations among variables.
Identification of confounding factors, evaluation of their influence on cause-effect associations, and the introduction of appropriate ways to account for these factors are important considerations in designing case-control studies.
Steve Tuttle, the Taser International spokesman, said Zipes's report is "based on uncontrolled and anecdotal observations", and noted in an email to the Guardian that it "does not prove a cause-effect association".
Lack of clear cause-effect association between Nrt2.1 expression and cellular NO3 − contents under various NO3 − availabilities reflects the complex regulation of nitrate homeostasis and nitrogen metabolism during plant growth and development.
Therefore, all results from the present study cannot be interpreted as a cause-effect association, although this association has been supported by few longitudinal studies [ 38– 438.
Currently there is no epidemiologic research reported from Asia that has addressed the cause-effect association between sun exposure and cutaneous melanoma.
As our meta-analysis was based on results from observational studies, however, the association could still be subject to residual confounding or reverse causation bias and therefore does not allow inference of a cause-effect association.
