Our findings are comparable with this, but changes in life-style risk factors, especially smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, and their synergism, will have confounding effects in understanding the causes of cancers in these sites.
Ketamine-xylazine combinations may affect the brain haemodynamics, causing a reduction of the cerebral blood flow and affecting brain oxygenation which can have confounding effects on nuclear magnetic resonance perfusion imaging [36].
That is, the variation in gene expression caused by master regulators quite closely resembles patterns of variation caused by confounding effects and will therefore be removed by our method.
Because people in these countries generally have non-Western style diet, studies in these countries can minimize confounding effects caused by traditional risk factors, including diet.
In addition, ingestion of food was monitored regularly to exclude confounding effects caused by starvation.
Mouse retina generally shows low variability in gene expression, minimizing possible confounding effects caused by differences in the RNA pools.
Left-handed participants were excluded from the analyses to avoid confounding effects caused by differences in structural connectivity in those who are right hemisphere dominant.
Most of the studies were in developing countries where groundwater was the primary source of drinking water, and the confounding effects caused by traditional risk factors such as diet, obesity, and living habits [ 16] were minimum.
As argued by Brind for studies on induced abortion in China, once the prevalence of a given exposure rises to a level of predominance in the control group, statistical adjustment cannot remove all confounding effects caused by the adjustment terms.
One – four biopsies (median 3 biopsies), approximately 5 × 5 × 5 mm in size, were used in the microarray analyses of each tumor, minimizing confounding effects caused by intratumor heterogeneity in gene expressions and copy numbers [ 21].
