How often is there a direct cause-and-effect link between events on screen and behavior in the real world?
But the study could not demonstrate a cause-and-effect link between smoking and movie viewing because it was based on statistical correlations.
"But there's no cause-and-effect link between it and any harm suffered by this or that person," Mr. Haddad said.
Klein uses torture as a metaphor, and does not claim any cause-and-effect link between its re-emergence and the rise of neo-liberal shock therapy; but she does point to some disquieting similarities.
In addition to this circumstantial evidence, they identified a mechanism that explains the association, suggesting that there was indeed a cause-and-effect link between the changes in vegetation and the climatic effects.
"It reminds us that there isn't always a direct cause-and-effect link between what is done wrong and who gets punished," said Mr. Hunt, who, along with Mr. Chong and a group of therapists, interviewed more than 80 refugee children to select five emotionally strong enough to tell their stories onstage.
Nor have they demonstrated a cause-and-effect link between improvements in those nonfinancial areas and in cash flow, profit, or stock price". The authors' survey of 157 companies showed that only 23% had done extensive modeling to determine the causes of the effects they were measuring.
Though Robinson, also a professor of pediatrics at the School of Medicine, cautioned that the epidemiological, "10,000-foot view" given by this study doesn't prove a cause-and-effect link between sugar and diabetes in individuals - "it does not prove that the amount of sugar an individual eats is related to his or her diabetes risk," he said - he had lots to say about the new results.
The research is early, and the study showed an association, not a cause-and-effect link between the mutations and the condition.
