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In addition, DNA lesions can be cytotoxic meaning that they cause a polymerase to stall and halt DNA replication, leading to cellular apoptosis.
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The amino tautomer effectively base pairs as C, whereas the E-imino isomer will pair as T and the Z-imino isomer interferes with the base pairing causing a polymerase stalling.
Microsatellite DNA 'slippage' or 'stutter bands' are common mistakes made during PCR amplification, where the Taq polymerase causes a mutation in the number of repeat motifs during the replication process [ 61].
It is also able to remove any DNA bases that are cytotoxic (harmful to the cell) or that may cause DNA polymerase (an enzyme involved in DNA replication) to make errors.
Compared with the wild type, the serine-threonine mutant polymerases caused a significant decrease of analogue contacts with conserved interrogating residues in motif F and a displacement of metal ion cofactors.
The results underline the specificity of Rsd, which, under competitive conditions, causes a selective preference of RNA polymerase for Eσ38-dependent promoters.
It is not well understood whether NrdR interaction with the promoter causes a direct blocking of RNA polymerase by steric hindrance or if binding of NrdR dimers to both boxes (note that NrdR boxes are palindromic sequences) causes DNA to bend impairing RNA polymerase binding.
As this study provides only a snapshot of MARs present in developing embryo, it remains to be seen if these sequences are NuMat associated to cause polymerase stalling or a mere consequence of the process.
Second, the 5' segment of the gene is enriched for specific trinucleotide elements (Py-G-C) that are known to cause DNA polymerase pausing [25] (Figure 1c).
For example, inhibiting DNA replication was recently found to cause RNA polymerase II to stall during the transcription of p21 [ 47].
These limitations caused an increase in application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques which allowed for the identification of GPV or MDPV [ 11- 13].
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