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In the case of influenza, the causative viruses are constantly changing their antigenic proteins; thus, revaccination is required as the antigenic makeup of the viruses changes annually.
Diarrhoea in children is a common disease; understanding the incidence of causative viruses can aid infection control and vaccine development.
The causative viruses were isolated (Pattyn et al., 1977) and later identified to be distinct species, Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV).
Therefore, the identification of the causative viruses and bacteria is only feasible using multiplex PCR or several monoplex PCR tests in parallel.
The relative amplitude and severity of HFMD epidemic vary according to different causative viruses and different geographical regions, so cut-off points of the slope estimates for determining these three categories may be chosen to suit local circumstances.
Recently, the causative viruses of the clinical forms in reindeer were shown to be closely related to OV virus and PCPV, excluding the circulation of PVNZ in these countries (2, 3 ).
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Aseptic meningitis caused by intravenous immunoglobulin has not been excluded, since the causative virus was identified in only 39% of the patients with viral meningitis.
The causative virus has become more virulent with time and can survive in the environment for long periods.
This makes specific treatment difficult, and, even when the causative virus is known, there may be no effective treatment.
An attenuated strain of the causative virus has been used to immunize sheep and cattle, and a vaccine for humans has been under study.
Smallpox is the only naturally occurring human infection to have been eradicated, meaning that cases can no longer arise because the causative virus has been wiped out of nature.
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