Exact(2)
We have previously reported a direct causative effect between high PHLDA2 and late onset growth restriction in an animal model, which we attributed to placental insufficiency [23,24].
However, as pointed out by Willet et al, these in vitro studies have yet to show a direct causative effect between AGEs and the progression of osteoarthritis.
Similar(58)
Thus, the observed effects of provider payment methods in the Ghanaian health system may not manifest as direct linear causative effects between the payment method and the observed service supply behaviour as theorized in Figure 3B.
The temporal analysis between measures of CAN, and measures of GV and hypoglycemic stress, may help us better evaluate the link between cardiac autonomic dysfunction and GV and whether a causative effect may be the case.
Although a number of variants have been widely studied, inconsistent results between different cohorts and populations (Table 1) indicate that very few, if any, have a major causative effect.
In this study, we sought to investigate whether the above-mentioned associations between the PER3 VNTR polymorphism and human sleep phenotypes reflect a direct causative effect of the polymorphism on homeostatic, but not on circadian, sleep regulation.
However, a direct causative effect of cellular senescence on ageing has never been shown.
Although overexpression of these genes may not have direct causative effects on the proliferative nature of cancerous cells, these studies suggest a correlation between increased expression of mitotic genes and cancer formation.
However, identifying causative effects from systems-level data remains a difficult problem.
These studies must rely more on the homogeneity of the enrolled population and on the direct cause and effect relationship between the causative agent and the expected outcome, and less on the number of enrolled subjects (if subjects are not appropriate for the scope of the study, their inclusion is potentially misleading.
Our team has long been involved in the detection of cause and effect relationships between presumed causative factors and cancer, in particular, concerning the relative role of inherited predisposition and environmental factors, the relative impact of intrinsic toxicity or carcinogenicity, and the role of host susceptibility and response (Cetta et al. 2007, 2009a).
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