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In patients ≥65 years (51 patients), malignancy as the causative disease was twice as common as in patients <65 years, and the cause remained unknown in only a few of these patients (figure 3).
Direct costs in general encompass medical as well as non-medical costs directly related to the causative disease.
Also, signs and symptoms of the potential causative disease would not be masked by the systemic immunosuppression, possibly allowing the proper diagnosis and management of the potential underlying disease.
Similarly, bees infected with the causative disease agent could have died away from the colony and thus not collected.
We believe that older individuals have underlying changes in specific tissues that increase the susceptibility of the tissues to causative disease processes and/or contribute to progression of the age-related disease.
Culture-independent methods each have advantages and disadvantages (for reviews see [4], [60]) and their underlying differences may have contributed to the reported discrepancies in coral bacterial ecological studies in terms of detecting consistent host-specific bacterial associates (see [2], [7], [17], [61]) or causative disease agents [45], [46], [62], [63].
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Table 1 lists the frequent causative diseases.
The other causative diseases will be categorized as 'unclassified'unclassified
GN, DN, HTN and PKD were the most common causative diseases in descending order.
Causative diseases were infectious disease in 28 patients (23.1%), non-infectious inflammatory disease in 37 (30.6%), malignancy in 13 (10.7%), other in 15 (12.4%) and unknown in 28 (23.1%).
This goal can be achieved by preventing the progression of renal disease and implementing strategies for early detection and optimal treatment of causative diseases.
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