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The character of evidence necessary to prove such causation we need not point out, as it must depend upon the circumstances of each case.
As we have seen, understanding involves knowledge of causation: we need to figure out what gives rise to different feelings – and this might be a complex combination of external influences and things that follow from our own nature.
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(1) In understanding physical causation, we seem to need a concept of 'causal process'.
Because the presence of an agent during disease is not proof of causation, we believed that a baseline for comparison was needed.
In order to conduct a reliable causation study based on observational data we need to define the confounding variables.
"We haven't proven causation; we've found an association," cautioned Stocker.
And without an understanding of systemic causation, we cannot understand what is hitting us.
In order to complete this story, we need an explanation of the notion of divine causation encoded in the language of bringing about the existence of a thing.
We need an account of how identifying an inus condition for causation provides a possible explanation for some observed effect.
This is where we need to point out, emphatically, that simple correlations like these don't tell us much about causation.
(2) In understanding high-level causation in the physical world, we seem to need a notion of 'systematic relatedness' of cause variables and effect variables, but the concept of 'proportionality' that we need in the mental case seems not quite the same as the concept we need in the physical case.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com