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The path of causation there could be direct; markets could grow warier of the debt of troubled economies, putting more of a squeeze on those places.
Even if one or another of these approaches leaves us with an intelligible notion of agent causation, there remains the objection that it is impossible for a substance to cause anything.
There's no direct causation there – that feels like I'm firing blanks in the dark, desperately trying to find something to blame – but the fact is that the quantity slowly started to increase.
Correlation is not causation; there are many differences between metro areas and between states other then the minimum wages.
Notwithstanding the fact that no observational study can prove causation, there are a number of issues that if addressed sufficiently, can improve the validity and usefulness of our studies.
To take the classic example from Hume's analysis of the concept of causation, there is no difference between saying "A is always followed by B" and saying "A is necessarily always followed by B".
Similar(42)
There may be reverse causation, or there may be residual confounding masking any real associations.
The superficial logic that so often passes for thought in Washington typically sees causation where there's only correlation.
Yes, correlation isn't always causation; yes, there are lots of complicating variables at work in every individual life trajectory.
The authors are scrabbling around for causation, when there is a much simpler argument of correlation to be made.
We acknowledge that these correlations with SAM do not prove causation, but there is previous literature that supports SAM leading to increased wind speeds and cooler maximum temperatures1,3,16,17.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com