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Firstly, this is a cross-sectional study; the correlations cannot imply the causation relationships between parameters and low BMD.
Correlations are not causations, but well-established correlations provide guidance for future experimental work, and only the latter can unambiguously establish causation relationships.
While correlation does not equal causation and the relationship between diabetes and brain health needs further study, the findings, if confirmed, could have significant implications for a large segment of the population.
In the next section we assess the causation of this relationship.
Noting a rising amount of investment by private companies in both wired and wireless connectivity, and consumer spend in streaming video and mobile apps, the group argues that "[w]hile correction does not imply causation, the symbiotic relationship of Internet broadband access providers and content providers is indisputable".
In a rather simplified way, causation involves the relationship between at least two entities, an agent and a disease.
An important qualification is that the correlation between gait speed and alpha power does not necessarily imply causation and the relationship could be epiphenomenal.
Finally, as our study is ecological in nature, our findings are unable to provide any information with regard to the direction of causation in the relationship between unemployment and prescription drug utilization.
For animals, understanding the physical causation governing the relationships between objects is a basic and critical cognitive requirement for survival.
The provincial data for possession of records give us some indication of the direction of causation in these relationships.
It's hard to tell where the causation lies in this relationship.
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