Theoretically, the findings on fractures might be explained by a reverse causation phenomenon, where people with a higher predisposition for osteoporosis may have deliberately increased their milk intake.
None the less, we cannot rule out the possibility that our design or analysis failed to capture a reverse causation phenomenon.
Therefore, we had the opportunity to reduce the potential influence of a reverse causation phenomenon in our study by adjusting our estimates for comorbid conditions, medications, socioeconomic status, hip fracture subcategory, and type of surgery.
The finding might be explained by a reverse causation phenomenon; that is, women with a higher predisposition for osteoporosis may have deliberately increased their intake of calcium rich foods.
Causation is a phenomenon that humans project onto the world, he believed.
Speculation surrounds the causation of this phenomenon, but there is definitely much to learn from our own stories.
Further analysis on the causation of this phenomenon, and whether it is solely an issue for Winter sports, could help our understanding and begin to unpick this issue.
The observation that PPIs appear to increase the risk of OAC is explained by the treatment indication being a risk factor for OAC, reverse causation and the phenomenon of 'channeling', where high-risk patients are being prescribed PPIs whereas low-risk patients are being prescribed with lower doses or not at all, 15 22 47 51 52 a phenomenon often seen with PPIs and upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
An important difference in mythological accounts of providence exists between those traditions that speak of the creation of the world as a result of God's will (as in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) and those that attribute worldly phenomena to causation by a lesser being (as Buddhism does).
The establishment of the scientific method from about the mid-19th century on demanded testable hypotheses and verifiable phenomena for causation and transmission.
