Exact(2)
Third, they provide insight into the causation of poor or favorable course of the disease.
Nevertheless, given the retrospective nature of the data, we cannot definitively ascribe causation of poor long-term outcomes to the longer therapy duration.
Similar(6)
It is characterized by a complex web of causation, particularly poor living conditions and low level of parents' education.
Presumably the three last-mentioned relations are cases of reverse causation where poor vision affects living conditions.
The observational studies available do not suggest causation, and hypovitaminosis D may be simply a marker of poor health, which predicts patients who would have poorer outcomes.
Of course, there is some evidence of reverse causation: people in poor physical and mental health are more likely to be unemployed.
First, owing to the cross-sectional design, we cannot exclude the possibility of reverse causation, that is, poor health led to a low level of trust and other indicators of social capital.
However, as stated by Butterworth [ 55], correlations are not indicative of causation, and it might be possible that poor performance in non-symbolic numerical tasks is the consequence of poor mathematical ability (instead of the cause).
Related(1)
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com