The cases that settle very late are the result of potential damages being so large, and the defenses — particularly loss causation and statutes of limitation and repose — so seemingly strong, that the parties cannot find a settlement number they can both live with.
Still, association does not mean causation, which is a limitation of association-based studies.
Temporal ambiguity between hypothesized predictors and outcomes (e.g., due to design limitations, statistical limitations, or reverse causation).
It is important to note that our findings are associations and cannot confirm causation due to data limitations that preclude effectively addressing the endogeneity between weight and labor market outcomes.
The Koch–Henle postulates, the gold standard in evaluating causation of disease, have limitations when applied to systems with mixed microbial communities with complex interactions, particularly if pure cultures are not available.
Although our approach helps to infer causation statistically, it has limitations.
In addition, our study cannot bypass the reverse-causation problem, an intrinsic limitation of the case control study design, although previous studies have provided strong direct evidence that mtDNA content may serve as a constitutive genetic marker for cancer susceptibility.
It is hypothesized that high BMI and depressed mood lead to knee pain and activity limitations, however reverse causation (i.e. knee pain and activity limitations lead to a high BMI and depressed mood) is also possible and cannot be ruled out.
Furthermore, the nature of this retrospective study results in the limitation to infer causation.
Although we may not have definitely established causation, it is unlikely that limitations in life-space mobility lead to self-reported hearing difficulties.
