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Because an association is a prerequisite for causation, lack of association within MZ twin pairs is inconsistent with causal effects [ 48, 49].
Reasons include animist or fatalistic beliefs about causation, lack of awareness that the condition is treatable, poor levels of education amongst mothers, fear of surgery and indirect and direct costs.
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Therefore, even though the clinical harm with bicarbonate treatment is merely an association (and not causation), the lack of clinical benefits does not justify its routine use especially in children.
As thought, the CNVs might help to explain some cases of diseases with evident genetic causation but lack of a genetic clarification [49].
Second, correlation is not causation and, equally, lack of correlation is not lack of causation.
But this fact no more undermines our concept of causation than the lack of resemblance between our sensory experiences of ordinary physical objects and those objects themselves undermines our thoughts about such objects.
They explain that while human-generated global warming cannot be conclusively established as causation of a lack of rain, the higher temperatures are clearly adding to the severity of the drought.
If the transference account of causation is correct, then lack of causal responsibility does not imply inability to make a difference.
Aruba Petroleum said in a statement that the award "represents an attempt by the jury to compensate the plaintiffs for alleged toxic tort injuries that fail for lack of causation evidence required under the law". The company owns wells near the Parrs, including the one the TCEQ found in violation, but is not the only operator in the vicinity.
Our observations may provide a possible explanation to this apparent lack of causation between use of semantic qualifiers and diagnostic accuracy.
An evolutionary perspective clarifies the reasons why we should expect that sometimes (but only rarely) early-onset cancer will have no identifiable cause but that for some late-onset cancers, this lack of causation can be the rule.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com