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However, causation has not been proved, and well-designed randomized, controlled clinical trials using sufficient doses of vitamin D to alleviate manifestations of mental and cognitive illness still need to be performed.
Most philosophers nowadays repudiate souls, but the problem of mental causation has not gone away.
Multivariate analyses will show which of these have true associations (but not that they are risk factors since causation has not been established).
Concurrent use of marijuana and alcohol in drivers is of increasing concern but its role in crash causation has not been well understood.
Claims that artificial sweeteners in diet drinks may be hazardous to your health are backed by scientific evidence that points to this conclusion, but a direct causation has not been drawn.
27 To date, however, the move from association to causation has not been made.
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Causation hasn't been proven, but in one Brazilian state the number of infants with the condition went from an average of nine per year to more than 600 in 2015, according to the New York Times.
Although the exact mechanism(s) for WAD causation have not been established, several have been proposed and it is likely the mechanism(s) are associated with the kinematics of the head relative to the torso.
At around the same time, the newly formed Association for Children Damaged by Hormone Pregnancy Tests took Schering to court, but the company and the UK government maintained that causation had not been proven and the case fell apart for want of evidence and money (the prosecution depended on Legal Aid).
Davies describes the difficulties in coming to a clear description of downward causation and concludes that the complexity of systems open to the environment makes room for downward causation but has not yet provided an explanation of how downward causation works (2006, 48).
The role of two recently identified polyomaviruses, KI and WU, in the causation of respiratory disease has not been established.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com