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Although one cannot determine causation from this correlation (Plotkin and Kudla, 2011), nevertheless it is consistent with the idea that the rate of decoding in translation is at least partly limited by tRNA concentration.
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This, then, removes final causation from the realm of non-intentional nature, even while affirming that final causes play an ineliminable role in psychological explanation, particularly as regards intentional action.
This principle was central to Lewis's theory of causation from the earliest days, but had come under sustained attack over the years.
Because this was a cross-sectional study, we could not imply causation from these results; only random assignment within a trial could determine whether skipping breakfast reduces PA.
The chain of causation from the threats and the original comments appears tenuous".
The second possible explanation is to postulate causation from the measurement events backward to the source at the emission time.
4. A number of authors suggest that backward causation from the overlap of the future light cones may be more acceptable than conspiracy in the overlap of the backward light cones.
There is no reason to suppose that the law, when it engages in explanatory inquiries, adopts different criteria of causation from those employed outside the law in the physical and social sciences and in everyday life.
Furthermore, argued that because the aim of the formulation of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was to test simple causation, from the outset it failed to test Whorf's ideas.
It may be, for example, that the instrument is picking up additional causal effects of the same risk factor, or that it is picking up reverse causation from the outcome to a different covariate.
Second, readers should not infer causation from the cross-sectional association of HRQL impairment and anemia in individuals with COPD, because it is possible that residual confounding by comorbidities is responsible for the observed association.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com