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It is important to note that our findings are associations and cannot confirm causation due to data limitations that preclude effectively addressing the endogeneity between weight and labor market outcomes.
Although we cannot exclude reverse causation due to the cross-sectional design, our study adds to the accumulating evidence of the potential utility of the Resource Generator for evaluating the relationship between individual-level access to social capital and health.
Previous studies reporting an association may have been biased by reverse causation due to self-medication.
However, it must be emphasized that the observed associations do not imply causation due to the cross-sectional nature of this study.
First, some results demonstrating an association between inflammatory markers and CRC may be related to reverse causation due to clinically undetected neoplasia at the time of blood collection.
Since this is not a prospective study, this study may have reverse causation due to possible effects of T2DM and MS on adiponectin and resistin levels.
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One of the most detailed attempts to think systematically about interventions and their significance for understanding causation is due to Pearl, 2000 and I turn now to a discussion of his views.
An interplay of a healthy cohort effect and reversed causation bias due to prodromal symptoms impedes detection of a possible association with dementia and Parkinson disease.
With regard to dementia, an interplay of a healthy cohort effect and reversed causation bias due to prodromal symptoms impedes detection of a possible association, although identification of the factors that contribute to the healthy cohort would be of interest for determining the aetiology of dementia.
It is also challenging to compare differences in SCI causation across countries due to a lack of standard definitions.
It is also possible that the observed relationships reflect reverse causation or are due to measurement error.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com