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Contested causation also may occur privately, when disagreement over the causes of MUPS takes place in the patient-provider context.
Almost all participants listed chemicals from bombs, or food aid that had been purposely poisoned, as their theory of causation – also in this framework war is how nodding syndrome was understood.
Beliefs about TB causation also extended to stress, overwork, not getting enough rest, hereditary causes and " kastom": "A person who usually practice[s] kastom rituals not following his regulations or rules of the specific kastom will be sick of TB".
Moreover, the concern about reverse causation also applies to back-extrapolated TCDD levels based on serum samples collected shortly before or after DM diagnosis, because serum TCDD concentrations might be affected by DM status.
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"It's amazing how they are left out of the debate about causation, but also about solutions," Allen Frances, the Duke psychiatrist, said of the Sacklers.
Causation can also be addressed from the perspective of cognitive processes (that is, knowing how the dog processes information when greeting a companion with tail wagging).
Parents are often blamed when a man turns to crime, but a new NBER paper by Hope Corman, Kelly Noonan, Nancy E. Reichman, and Ofira Schwartz-Soicher found the causation can also run the other way: men become more likely to become, or remain, involved in illegal activities when they have a child born with severe health problems.
A variety of issues within, and objections to, probabilistic theories of causation will also be discussed.
Philosophical issues of causation are also addressed in the context of hypothesis testing and equilibrating experimental units.
But the reverse line of causation is also valid: structural transformations ignite institutional changes (Ancochea 1999; Chang 2011; Reinert 2007).
This said, attention to the parity of genetic and environmental causation can also help to articulate the legitimate suspicions many groups have of genetic engineering.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com