He also argues in the Physics that natural processes cannot all be explained by final causality alone, which implies that final causality cannot, in general, be reduced to efficient causality.
In addition, observational associations may be due to reverse causality, whereby vitamin D is reduced as a consequence of disease processes.
Second, the probability of reverse causality was likely reduced for the following reasons: First, the long follow-up period reduces the potential for confounding due to underlying illness, low BMI, and low fitness.
Furthermore, it also seems clear to us that the causality of a rationally pursued goal can be reduced to efficient causality.
In monitoring the time dimension of income, longitudinal approaches have several benefits over cross-sectional analysis: Reversed causality and health selection can be reduced more efficiently; dynamics and income variation over time can be captured; and repeated measures of income are less error-prone than occasional income from a single year.
In line with his discussion of the Idea, the concept of historical origin should not be reduced to the causality and actuality of the empirically factual, nor should it be regarded as a purely logical and timeless essence.
He is quite happy with explanations of natural phenomena by means of efficient causes in general, but he will also often speak of final causes: what is unclear is whether the final causes he speaks of (with varying degrees of strength in different works) have any explanatory role to play that cannot be reduced to efficient causality (Adams 1998; cf. Goddu 1999).
As causality holds only between actual things, it is reduced to propositions about the grounding relation between real objects.
However when considering the numbers of people admitted per practice it seems clear that, even if causality was assumed, employing nurses to reduce admissions may be an expensive solution and could only be justified if there was a wide benefit in quality associated with a sufficiently large group of patients or across several conditions.
Causality was a casualty.
