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By satisfying the important reversibility criteria of causality, this evidence is important for more definitively substantiating a causal association between alcohol and HIV.
To test the robustness of causality, this article takes two measures.
By matching emigration episodes to pre-departure variables, we are able to study the determinants of emigration, while avoiding reverse causality: this is particularly important when looking at household wealth as a determinant of migration.
There is a persistent supposition – see, for example, (Gilson 1937) – that Ockham, and many of his fourteenth-century followers, had a basically Humean position on causality; this supposition has deep historical roots (Nadler 1996), but is inaccurate (Adams 1987, pp. 741ff).
It began to sink in that this wasn't a mountain-climbing causality; this was a disaster of unprecedented levels.
Since association does not imply causality this apparent disagreement is, in fact, expected.
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Furthermore, exogenous hormones act like a duplicator or accelerator in this causality, though this relationship may be complicated by factors related to endogenous hormones.
This paper addresses the underlying causality of this frequency dependent degradation.
In this study we investigated the causality of this observed relationship, by determining the influence of intestinal colonization with E. faecium on pulmonary defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The causality of this association and, if causal, its direction is far from clear.
However, a direction en causality of this association cannot be determined in this study.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com