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Figure2a also depicts the causality relationship between the hidden variables and the observed variables.
In addition, we found an unidirectional causality relationship between CO2 emissions and their determinants.
Our model establishes a causality relationship between consumed and produced data tokens at each operator and their corresponding occurrence times.
Empirical studies have mainly looked at the causality relationship between the airport infrastructure and local economic development.
Odhiambo (2009b) uncovered a bidirectional Granger causality relationship between GDP and electricity consumption in South Africa using employment as an intermittent variable in a simple trivariate framework.
The results demonstrate a positive reverse causality relationship between the rule of law and income, indicating that higher income implies stronger rule of law and vice versa.
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Additionally, we examine the stability of the estimated models and investigate the Granger causality relationships between the variables in the system.
Furthermore, from the Granger causality test, we found that there are bidirectional causality relationships between gross fixed capital formation in industry, oil price, manufacturing exports, population growth, agricultural output, and industrial output in the short and long run.
In order to examine both the long-run and short-run the dynamic causality relationships between output in the different sectors and electricity consumption, we start by examining the cointegration in each sector following the Johansen (1988) multivariate approach.
Despite the increasing number of bug analysis tools for exploring bugs in software systems, there are no tools supporting the investigation of causality relationships between internal quality metrics and bugs.
At the same time, to the best of our knowledge, there is very little contribution on the causality relationships between the above three variables that, as we argue, play a crucial role for economic policies that search to reconcile growth and a clean environment.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com