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Firstly, the cross-sectional nature of the study does not permit the assessment of causality owing to the uncertain temporality of the association.
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However, although observational data are useful for estimating the effects of lifestyle exposures on health-related traits, inferring causality from these data is difficult, owing to the potential for confounding and reverse causality.
The dependence of anything 'below' Intellect is owing to the One's ultimate causality along with Intellect, which explains, via the Forms, why that being is the kind of thing it is.
However, even large cohort studies cannot answer the question of causality regarding the association of smoking cessation with mental health owing to the problem of self-selection.
A second limitation is that causality cannot be conclusively established in an observational cohort study owing to the possibility of unrecognized confounding (although the biologic plausibility and consistency of the current data are encouraging).
Further, existing data are hampered by methodological issues, including reverse causality, lack of adjustment for some potential confounding factors, and inadequate statistical power owing to a small number of cases.
The major limitation of our study is that, owing to the cross-sectional design, no statements can be made regarding the causalities of the observed associations.
Finally, owing to the cross sectional nature of this study, these data should be interpreted as associations rather than implying causality.
Venezuela and Nigeria are unreliable, owing to civil strife.
Turnout was low, owing to the snow.
They have become collectables owing to nostalgia.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com