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They describe types of pathways of causality over time, the mechanisms that influence or determine those pathways, and also specific timing of particular causal factors.
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Our cross-sectional methodology makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the causality of anxiety and depression in this population, and how these conditions vary over time.
"People change over time.
This design also limited our analysis to correlations, preventing assessment of causality or changes over time.
With repeated measurements of health status and overall QoL in patients undergoing heart surgery, an opportunity exists to challenge the conventional direction of causality illustrated in Figure 1, and assess the strength of causal relationships over time.
The problem's global scale, complicated causality over space and time, and long-term effects is what the philosopher Stephen Gardiner has in mind when he refers to climate change as "a perfect moral storm".
The problem's global scale, complicated causality over space and time, and long-term effects is what the philosopher Stephen Gardiner has in mind when he refers to climate change as "a perfect moral storm". Such a storm has led philosophers to call for new ethical framework around the issue one that will ideally have political influence.
They have in mind that longitudinal research with repetitious assessment design will throw more light on causality and reciprocal interaction over time than most of studies with cross-sectional designs.
These sorts of factors become very important in teasing causality from correlation in small numbers over time.
The current study does not assess the transitions between FA status over time or the causality of the relationships.
Note that cross-lagged models provide tests of reciprocal influences between constructs over time, not of causality [ 40].
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